Introduction tobacco cultivation is commonly used as a specialized product in Mazandaran province and has achievements for employment, income, and livelihood of villagers in the region. Investigation the status of tobacco cultivation in this province in recent years has shown the cultivation of this product with many challenges which has reduced tobacco production in Mazandaran province (Iranian tobacco Company, 2016). According to the official statistics released by Iranian tobacco Company, the tobacco cultivation area in Iran is over 6, 000 hectares and tobacco production is about 9, 000 tons (Iranian tobacco Company, 2016). Mazandaran province with 1, 000 hectares of tobacco cultivation in 2014 has a first rank in Iran (Iranian tobacco Company, 2016). The same amount is predicted for 2016. The use of chemical fertilizers in agro-ecosystems not only damages the physical, chemical and biological structure of the soil, but also greatly affects the quality of the product and also has adverse environmental effects. Considering the importance of organic manures in the growth and increase of crops’ qualitative and quantitative yield and protection of environment, it is necessary to use organic manures in growing tobacco; this research actually seeks answers for different aspects of applying organic manure (poultry and cow) with the purpose of investigating the effect of different resources of chemical and organic manures in the two rain-fed and chemical conditions on the qualitative and quantitative yield of greenhouse tobacco. Material and Methods The study was conducted in the Tirtash Research and Educational Center, Mazandaran Province, Iran in 2015. This experiment was carried out based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications under rain-fed and irrigated conditions for Flue-cured tobacco K326 in Tirtash Research and Educational Center in 2015. Fertilizer treatment chosen as eight levels which includes: control (non-consumption); application of 100% recommended fertilizer; application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare; application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare; application of 450 kg poultry manure per hectare; application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare; application of 850 kg poultry manure per hectare and application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare. After normalization, the data analyzed by the SAS statistical software and the comparison of averages were calculated by Duncan tests at a 5% probability level. Results and Discussion Result showed that yield and economical under rainfed and irrigated conditions indices got significant effect by fertilizer treatment. Nitrogen and phosphorous concentration, protein percentage was significant only in rainfed condition and color concentration got significant effect under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Physiological indices including relative water content, cytoplasmic membrane and extinction coefficient under rainfed and irrigated conditions were significant by fertilizer treatments, but prolin and percentage of non-soluble sugar got significant effect by rainfed condition. In rainfed condition the highest yield and net income were achieved with application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare treatment. The most extinction coefficient was related to application of 450 kg poultry manure per hectare. For relative water content the best treatment was application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare. In irrigated condition maximum fresh leaf weight and yield was obtained by application of 30 ton cow manure per hectare and application of 100% recommended fertilizer. In attention to finding results, the most net income was observed by application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare. Conclusion Therefore, in terms of economic issues in irrigated condition the best treatment was application of 10 ton cow manure per hectare. According to finding, the best treatment under rainfed and irrigated conditions was application of 650 kg poultry manure per hectare plus 150 kg potassium sulfate per hectare treatment that caused the highest quantitative and qualitative yield.

Background: Traditional Thai tobacco (Nicotiana abacus L.) is known as a non-Virginia type whose mature leaf contains three to four times more nicotine than that of a Virginia type. As such, the process of Thai traditional tobacco production may lead to adverse health effects such as green tobacco sickness (GTS).Objective: To investigate the prevalence of GTS and risk factors related to GTS among Thai traditional tobacco farmers in Nan province, northern Thailand. Methods: 473 Thai traditional tobacco farmers from rural areas in Nan province were randomly selected and interviewed in person by means of questionnaires and environmental survey. Statistical analyses were used to identify potential risk factors for GTS.Results: The prevalence of GTS was 22.6% (95% CI 19.1% to 26.6%). Multivariate analysis showed various risk factors associated with GTS including gender of the farmer (ORadj 0.44, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.73), smoking (ORadj 4.36, 95% CI 1.41 to 13.47), skin rash (ORadj 0.36, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.68), wearing a wet suit (ORadj 1.91, 95% CI 1.12 to 3.23), process of curing tobacco leaves (ORadj 0.06, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.16), and watering tobacco plants (ORadj 0.42, 95% CI 0.25 to 0.72).Conclusion: The process of traditional Thai tobacco production can result in increased dermal exposure and can be considered a major risk factor for GTS. Body soaking during watering may further increase adverse health effects related to GTS.

During 2007-2008 growing season, a total of 520 sunflower leaf samples with symptoms like vein clearing, cholorotic and necrotic local lesion, deformation and stunting which were suspected of being infected with tobacco streak virus (TSV) were collected from sunflower fields of Azarbayijan-gharbi, Isfahan, Qom, Markazi, Tehran and Hamedan provinces. Infection with TSV in collected samples were determined serologically by enzyme – linked immunosorbent assay (DAS- ELISA) using a polyclonal antiserum. It was determined that 124 samples were infected with TSV. The percentage of TSV infection in sunflower fields of Azarbayijan-gharbi Hamedan, Tehran, Qom, Isfahan and markazi provinces were 56%, 31%, 26%, 14%, 8.8% and 0% respectively. The virus was propagated on maintenance hosts. TSV induced cholorotic local lesions symptoms on inoculated leaves of Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor and Vigna unguiculata. The virus caused systemic stunting , deformation and curl on leaves of Datura stramonium, Gomphrena globosa, Helianthus annuus and Vicia faba. Nicotiana benthemiana was symptomless. The molecular weight of coat protein under denaturing condition (SDS-PAGE) was estimated to be 30.9 KD and Western blot confirmed the result of SDS-PAGE. IC- RT- PCR and RT- PCR were performed using a specific primer pair of TSV which had been designed according to a part of coat protein, and a fragment with 717 length was amplified.

A begomovirus, tentatively named tobacco leaf curl Japan virus -JpU (TbLCJV-JpU), was isolated from Lonicera japonica (Honeysuckle) Plants Grown in Utsunomiya showing veinal chlorosis symptoms. The TbLCJV-JpU genome with 2, 761 nt showed a highest identity with TbLCJV-Jp3 and was also close to TbLCJV and as well to TbLCJV-Jp2. The overall nt identity with TbLCJV-Jp3 amounted to 92.94%, while the identities in encoded amino acid (aa) sequence of Coat Protein (CP) and putative products of AC1 and AV2 ORFs were as high as 98.05, 92.54 and 93.96%, respectively. Low sequence identities were observed in the Intergenic Region (IR) of TbLCJV-JpU as compared with TbLCJV, Ageratum yellow vein Taiwan virus-Kochi isolate and Honeysuckle yellow vein virus -Kagoshima isolates. Recombinations were detected in the 5´end (2650 to 2761) and extreme 3´ portion of the genome (220 to 350). Both regions demonstrated high identities with AYVTV-Kochi and HSYVV-Kagoshima. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of isolation of TbLCJV fromL. japonica.

Objective The prevention against tobacco dependence project (PAD) in Iran is an interventional project that is in progress in four phases with a focus on the prevention of tobacco use from childhood to adolescence. This study, as the second phase of this project, aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the PAD project by investigating the knowledge and attitudes of school students with and without education based on this project. Methods This is a quasi-experimental and quantitative study that was conducted in Varamin, Iran, in 2022. Using a proportional stratified sampling method, 200 school students who were PAD helpers were selected as the intervention group and 200 non-PAD students as the control group. The educational intervention was about prevention against tobacco products provided by using booklets, pamphlets, brochures, posters, educational videos, holding scientific, cultural and artistic competitions, providing consulting services, and recreational and training camps. A 57-item questionnaire was designed based on the World Health Organization questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed in SPSS software, version 23 using t-test and Pearson’s correlation test. The significance level was set at 0.05. Results The mean score for the knowledge of the harms of tobacco in the PAD (24.41±0.32) and non-PAD (21.02±0.32) groups showed the significantly higher knowledge of the PAD group (P<0.05). Moreover, the mean score for the attitude variable in the PAD (18.156±0.31) and non-PAD (15.752±0.31) groups showed the significantly higher attitude of the PAD group (P<0.001).  Conclusion The PAD project has been effective in increasing awareness and changing the attitude of school students in Iran regarding tobacco smoking during the COVID-19 pandemic.